更新时间:2018-12-14 来源:黑马程序员技术社区 浏览量:
一、 C++成员函数的重载
C++中的成员函数有四种,分别是普通成员函数,virtual虚函数,const成员函数。
(1) void func(int a);(2) virtual void func(int a);(3) void func(int a) const;如果在一个类中,声明这四种函数,哪是重复定义?哪些是重载?
其中(1)(2)是重复定义,故编译不能通过,而(3)与(1)(2)是不同类型的函数,是重载。
成员函数被重载的特征是:
(1)具有相同的作用域(即同一个类定义中);(2)函数名字相同(3)参数类型,顺序 或 数目不同(包括const参数和非const函数)(4)virtual关键字可有可无。从成员函数的重载特征中,可以知道(1)(2)是重复定义。那么(3)为什么和(1)(2)不同呢?
因为类中的函数,都会自动添加一个自身类指针this,所以
void func(int a) ==== void func(Base * this, int a)virtual func(int a) ==== virtual func(Base *this, int a)void func(int a)const === void func(const Base *this, int a) const所以(3)可以与(1)(2)发生重载,因为参数有一个const。
二 、C++成员函数的继承#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: void f(int a){ cout << "Base::f(int a)" << endl; } virtual void g(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::g(int a)" << endl; } }; class Derived : public Base { public: void h(int a) { cout << "Derivd::h(int a)" << endl; } }; int main() { Base b; b.f(3); b.g(4); Derived d; d.f(3); d.g(4); d.h(3); } #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base {public: void f(int a){ cout << "Base::f(int a)" << endl; } virtual void g(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::g(int a)" << endl; }};class Derived : public Base{public: void h(int a) { cout << "Derivd::h(int a)" << endl; }};int main(){ Base b; b.f(3); b.g(4); Derived d; d.f(3); d.g(4); d.h(3);}Base b的对象模型:
Derived d的对象模型:
则在子类Derived d中继承了父类中的virtual void g(int a) ; void f(int a);
运行结果为:
覆盖是指派生类重新实现(或者改写)了基类的成员函数,其特征是:
(1)不同的作用域(非别位于派生类和基类中);(2)函数名称相同(3)参数列表完全相同;(4)基类函数必须是虚函数。从(4)中我们得知覆盖只是针对虚函数的。
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: void f(int a){ cout << "Base::f(int a)" << endl; } virtual void g(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::g(int a)" << endl; } }; class Derived : public Base { public: void h(int a) { cout << "Derivd::h(int a)" << endl; } virtual void g(int a) { cout << "virtual Derived::g(int a)" << endl; } }; int main() { Base b; b.f(3); b.g(4); Derived d; d.f(3); d.g(4); d.h(3); } #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base {public: void f(int a){ cout << "Base::f(int a)" << endl; } virtual void g(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::g(int a)" << endl; }};class Derived : public Base{public: void h(int a) { cout << "Derivd::h(int a)" << endl; } virtual void g(int a) { cout << "virtual Derived::g(int a)" << endl; }};int main(){ Base b; b.f(3); b.g(4); Derived d; d.f(3); d.g(4); d.h(3);}Derived d对象模型如下:
其中Derived中重新定义了基类的虚成员函数virtual void g(int a);
四、C++成员函数的隐藏隐藏是指派生类的成员函数遮蔽了与其同名的基类成员函数,具体规则如下:
(1) 派生类的函数与基类的函数同名,但是参数列表有所差异。此时,不论有无virtual关键字,基类的函数在派生类中将被隐藏。(注意别与重载混合)
(2)派生类的函数与基类的函数同名,参数列表也相同,但是基类函数没有virtual关键字。此时,基类的函数在派生类中将被吟唱。(注意别与覆盖混合)
判断下面哪些函数是覆盖,哪些函数是隐藏?
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: virtual void f(float x) { cout << "virtual Base::f(float) " << x << endl; } void g(float x) { cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; } void h(float x) { cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; } }; class Derived : public Base{ public: virtual void f(float x) { cout << "virtual Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; } void g(int x) { cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; } void h(float x) { cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; } }; int main(void) { Derived d; Base *pb = &d; Derived *pd = &d; pb->f(3.14f); pd->f(3.14f); pb->g(3.14f); pd->g(3.14f); pb->h(3.14f); pd->h(3.14f); } #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base {public: virtual void f(float x) { cout << "virtual Base::f(float) " << x << endl; } void g(float x) { cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; } void h(float x) { cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; }};class Derived : public Base{public: virtual void f(float x) { cout << "virtual Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; } void g(int x) { cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; } void h(float x) { cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; }};int main(void){ Derived d; Base *pb = &d; Derived *pd = &d; pb->f(3.14f); pd->f(3.14f); pb->g(3.14f); pd->g(3.14f); pb->h(3.14f); pd->h(3.14f);}其中子类Derived中 vitual void f(float x) 是覆盖,而void g(int x) 和void h(float x)都是隐藏。
运行结果:
再看一个例子:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: virtual void f(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::f(int a)" << endl; } void f(double d) { cout << "Base::f(double d)" << endl; } }; class Derived : public Base { public: void f(double d) { cout << "Derivd::f(double d)" << endl; } }; int main() { Derived d; d.f(3); d.f(2.5); Derived *pd = new Derived(); pd->f(3); pd->f(2.5); Base b; b.f(5); b.f(3.5); Base *pBase = new Derived(); pBase->f(5); pBase->f(3.5); } #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base{public: virtual void f(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::f(int a)" << endl; } void f(double d) { cout << "Base::f(double d)" << endl; }};class Derived : public Base{public: void f(double d) { cout << "Derivd::f(double d)" << endl; }};int main(){ Derived d; d.f(3); d.f(2.5); Derived *pd = new Derived(); pd->f(3); pd->f(2.5); Base b; b.f(5); b.f(3.5); Base *pBase = new Derived(); pBase->f(5); pBase->f(3.5);}其中父类中的void f(double d)隐藏了子类的virtual void f(int a), void f(double d)函数。
所以在主函数中
Derived d; d.f(3); d.f(2.5); Derived *pd = new Derived(); pd->f(3); pd->f(2.5); Derived d;d.f(3);d.f(2.5);Derived *pd = new Derived();pd->f(3);pd->f(2.5);只要通过Derived对象或者Derived指针执行f()函数,都只执行void Derived::f(double d)该函数。[html]Base *pBase = new Derived(); pBase->f(5); pBase->f(3.5); Base *pBase = new Derived();pBase->f(5);pBase->f(3.5);在调用pBase->f(5)时,首先要去pBase类中找到对应需要执行的函数,因为Base类中有两个函数virtual void f(int a) 和 void f(double)重载,因为该实参是5,为int类型,所以要调用virtual void f(int a)函数,因为该f(int a)是一个虚函数,所以再去判断pBase所指向的具体对象,具体对象为Derived子类,再去Derived子类的虚函数表中找到void f(int a)函数。因为Derived子类继承了父类Base的虚函数vitural void f(int a),所以输出 virtual Base::f(int a);
在调用pBase->f(3.5)时,首先要去pBase类中找到对应需要执行的函数,因为因为Base类中有两个函数virtual void f(int a) 和 void f(double)重载,因为该实参是3.5,为double类,所以要调用void f(double d)函数,因为该函数是一个普通成员函数,故直接输出。 void Base::f(double d);
再举一个例子:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: virtual void f(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::f(int a)" << endl; } void f(double d) { cout << "Base::f(double d)" << endl; } }; class Derived : public Base { public: void f(int a) { cout << "virtual Derived::f(int a)" << endl; } }; int main() { Derived d; d.f(3); d.f(2.5); Derived *pd = new Derived(); pd->f(3); pd->f(2.5); Base b; b.f(5); b.f(3.5); Base *pBase = new Derived(); pBase->f(5); pBase->f(3.5); } #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Base{public: virtual void f(int a) { cout << "virtual Base::f(int a)" << endl; } void f(double d) { cout << "Base::f(double d)" << endl; }};class Derived : public Base{public: void f(int a) { cout << "virtual Derived::f(int a)" << endl; }};int main(){ Derived d; d.f(3); d.f(2.5); Derived *pd = new Derived(); pd->f(3); pd->f(2.5); Base b; b.f(5); b.f(3.5); Base *pBase = new Derived(); pBase->f(5); pBase->f(3.5);}子类Derived中的void f(int a)既覆盖了基类Base的虚函数virtual void f(int a),也隐藏了基类的virtual void f(int a), void f(double d)函数。
Derived d; d.f(3); d.f(2.5); Derived *pd = new Derived(); pd->f(3); pd->f(2.5); Derived d;d.f(3);d.f(2.5);Derived *pd = new Derived();pd->f(3);pd->f(2.5);同理所有用子类对象或者子类指针来调用f()函数时,都只执行virtual void f(int a),输出virtual Derived::f(int a)
view plaincopyprint?Base *pBase = new Derived(); pBase->f(5); pBase->f(3.5); Base *pBase = new Derived();pBase->f(5);pBase->f(3.5);pBase->f(5),首先去Base类中寻找相应的函数,同理Base类中的两个函数virtual void f(int a)和void f(double d)是重载函数,因为实参为5,为int类型,所以我们要调用virtual void f(int a)虚函数,因为该函数是虚函数,所以要去判断pBase指向的具体对象,因为pBase指向的是一个子类的对象,所以需要去子类的虚函数表中取找virtual void f(int a)函数,找到之后,执行该函数,故输出virtual Derived::f(int a)。
pBase->f(3.5),首先去Base类中寻找相应的函数,同理Base类中的两个函数virtual void f(int a)和void f(double d)是重载函数,因为实参为3.5,为double类型,所以我们要调用void f(double d),因为该函数为普通成员函数,故执行输出: void Base::f(double d);